Novel Bank Design With Differential Bulk Bias in eFuse Array

ABSTRACT

In some aspects of the present disclosure, a memory circuit is disclosed. In some aspects, the memory circuit includes a first memory cell including a first resistor; and a first transistor coupled to the first resistor, wherein a first bulk port of the first transistor is biased at a first voltage level; a second memory cell coupled to the first memory cell, the second memory cell including a second resistor; and a second transistor coupled to the second memory cell, wherein a second bulk port of the second transistor is biased at a second voltage level, wherein the second voltage level is less than the first voltage level.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is related to and claims priority under 35 U.S. §119(e) the U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/175,699, filedApr. 16, 2021, titled “NOVEL BANK DESIGN WITH DIFFERENTIAL BULK BIAS INeFUSE ARRAY,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein byreference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

On a conventional bulk complementary metal-oxide-silicon (CMOS) process,in some embodiments, n-type MOS (NMOS) devices are formed in a p-well orsubstrate connected to ground (or the most negative supply in thecircuit). In some embodiments, PMOS devices are formed in an n-wellconnected to the most positive supply. An alternative process is thedeep n-well process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the followingdetailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It isnoted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry,various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of thevarious features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity ofdiscussion.

FIG. 1 illustrates a circuit diagram of memory circuit, in accordancewith some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A illustrates a circuit diagram of a memory circuit, in accordancewith some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2B illustrates a circuit diagram of the memory circuit during writeoperation, in accordance with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 2C illustrates a circuit diagram of the memory circuit during readoperation, in accordance with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates a timing diagram for write and read operations of thememory circuit of FIGS. 2B-2C, in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a method to operate a memory circuit,in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates a circuit diagram of a memory circuit including animplementation of a sensing circuit core, in accordance with someembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates a memory device, in accordance with some embodimentsof the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates another memory device, in accordance with someembodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, orexamples, for implementing different features of the provided subjectmatter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are describedbelow to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merelyexamples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formationof a first feature over or on a second feature in the description thatfollows may include embodiments in which the first and second featuresare formed in direct contact and may also include embodiments in whichadditional features may be formed between the first and second features,such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Inaddition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/orletters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose ofsimplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationshipbetween the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,”“above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease ofdescription to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of thedevice in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted inthe figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degreesor at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors usedherein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

The present disclosure provides various embodiments of a memory circuit,method, and device employing deep n-well devices. In some embodiments,some memory cells of the memory circuit can include a deep n-welltransistor while other memory cells of the memory circuit can include abulk memory transistor. In some embodiments, bulk ports of the deepn-well transistors can be biased differently from bulk ports of the bulktransistors. In some embodiments, bulk ports of the deep n-welltransistors can be biased differently during read operation as comparedto write operation. In some embodiments, each deep n-well transistor canbe disposed in between two bulk transistors and each bulk transistor canbe disposed in between two deep n-well transistors, which may bereferred to as an interleaved arrangement.

Advantageously, embodiments of the disclosed memory circuit, method, anddevice can achieve several benefits. In some embodiments, memory leakagecan be reduced by biasing the bulk ports of the deep n-well transistorsat a higher voltage. Biasing the bulk ports of the deep n-welltransistors higher causes a smaller voltage difference between a bulkport of the deep n-well transistor and the respective drain port, whichresults in less leakage. The memory read margin is improved by reducingthe leakage. In addition, a lower voltage level can be used for thememory circuit by reducing the leakage level. Advantageously, byinterleaving the deep n-well transistors with the bulk transistors, thecircuit, method, and device can save area while still employing thebenefit of reduced leakage.

FIG. 1 illustrates a circuit diagram of memory circuit 100, inaccordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In someembodiments, the memory circuit 100 is referred to as a memory bank. Thememory circuit 100 includes a number of memory cells MC1, MC2, MCN. Insome embodiments, the number of memory cells MC1-MCN is coupled to acommon line CL. In some embodiments, each of the memory cells MC1-MCN isan eFuse cell, a resistive random-access memory (RRAM) cell, or any typeof memory cell in which a resistor or memristor can store memoryinformation such as a memory bit.

In some embodiments, each memory cell includes a resistor and atransistor coupled to the resistor. For example, the memory cell MC1includes a resistor R1 and a transistor M1 coupled to the resistor R1,the memory cell MC2 includes a resistor R2 and a transistor M2 coupledto the resistor R2, and the memory cell MCN includes a resistor RN and atransistor MN coupled to the resistor RN.

In some embodiments, each of the resistors R1-RN are programmable. Thatis, in some embodiments, each of the resistors R1-RN can be programmedto have one of a number of resistive states. The resistor R1 isexemplary. In some examples, R1 can be changed from a first resistivestate having low-resistance to a second resistive state havinghigh-resistance in response to a first magnitude of current flowingthrough the resistor R1. The low-resistance can include any value suchas, but not limited to, values less than 1 kilo-ohm. The high-resistancecan include any value such as, but not limited to, values greater than100 kilo-ohms. The first magnitude of current can include any value suchas, but no limited to, values greater than 100 milli-amps.

Each of the transistors M1-MN can be turned on to allow current to flowthrough a respective one of the resistors R1-RN during a programming orsensing operation. For example, in response to the transistor M1 beingturned on, the resistor R1 can be programmed or sensed. More details ofoperation are discussed below with respect to FIGS. 2B-2C. Each of thetransistors M1-MN may be referred to as a pass transistor, an accesstransistor, etc.

Each of the transistors M1-MN includes a number of ports. Each of theports can also be referred to as a terminal. Each of the transistorsM1-MN includes a gate port, a drain port, and a source port. Forexample, the transistor M1 includes a gate port GP1, a drain port DP1,and a source port SP1, the transistor M2 includes a gate port GP2, adrain port DP2, and a source port SP2, and the transistor MN includes agate port GPN, a drain port DPN, and a source port SPN. The gate port iscoupled to a word line for receiving a word line voltage. For example,the gate port GP1 is coupled to the word line WL1, the gate port GP2 iscoupled to the word line WL2, and the gate port GP3 is coupled to theword line WL3. A word line voltage at the gate port modulates a currentbetween the drain port and the source port. For example, a word linevoltage at the gate port GP1, received via the word line WL1, modulatesa current between the drain port DP1 and the source port SP1. In someembodiments, in response to the gate port GP1 receiving a word linevoltage of a first word voltage level, the drain port DP1 is coupled tothe source port SP1. In some embodiments, in response to the gate portGP1 receiving a word line voltage of a second word voltage level, thedrain port DP1 is decoupled from the source port SP1. A memory cell thatreceives the word line voltage of the first word voltage level such thatthe drain port is coupled to the source port may be referred to as aselected memory cell. In some embodiments, the drain ports DP1-DPN arecoupled to the common line CL. In some embodiments, the source portsSP1-SPN are coupled to the ground GND.

In some embodiments, some transistors in the memory circuit 100,including the transistors M1 and M2, are deep n-well (DNW) transistors.Each DNW transistor includes a bulk port, a DNW port, and a p-substrate(PSUB) port. For example, the transistor M1 includes a bulk port BP1, aDNW port DNW1, and a PSUB port PSUB1, and the transistor M2 includes abulk port BP2, a DNW port DNW2, and a PSUB port PSUB2.

In some embodiments, a first bulk bias voltage biases the bulk port BP1of the transistor M1. In some embodiments, the first bulk bias voltagecan be configured to have one of a number of voltage levels including,but not limited to, 0.3 V, 0 V, or any positive, non-zero voltage level.The first bulk bias voltage at the bulk port BP1 modulates a leakagecurrent between the drain port DP1 and the bulk port BP1.

In some embodiments, a second bulk bias voltage biases the bulk port BP2of the transistor M2. In some embodiments, a voltage level of the secondbulk bias voltage is equal to a voltage level of the first bulk biasvoltage. In other embodiments, the voltage level of the second bulk biasvoltage is less than the voltage level of the first bulk bias voltage.In yet other embodiments, the voltage level of the second bulk biasvoltage is greater than the voltage level of the first bulk biasvoltage. The second bulk bias voltage at the bulk port BP2 modulates aleakage current between the drain port DP2 and the bulk port BP2.

A first reference voltage having a first reference voltage level (0 V,gnd, etc.) biases the PSUB port of each of the DNW transistors. Forexample, the first reference voltage biases the PSUB port PSUB1 of thetransistor M1 and the PSUB port PSUB2 of the transistor M2. A secondreference voltage having a second reference voltage level (VDD, voltagerail) biases the DNW port of each of the DNW transistors. For example,the second reference voltage biases the DNW port DNW1 of the transistorM1 and the DNW port DNW2 of the transistor M2. The second referencevoltage level can include any voltage level including 0.75 V, a voltagelevel in a range from 0.6 V to 1 V, etc. In some embodiments, the DNWtransistors are n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) DNW transistors.In some embodiments, the DNW transistors are p-typemetal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) DNW transistors. DNW transistors arefurther described with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7.

In some embodiments, some transistors in the memory circuit 100,including the transistor MN, are bulk transistors. In some embodiments,the transistor MN includes a bulk port BPN. In some embodiments, thefirst reference voltage biases the bulk port BPN. In some embodiments,the first reference voltage has a first reference voltage level lessthan a voltage level of the first bulk voltage that biases the bulk portBP1 of the transistor M1. In some embodiments, the transistor MN doesnot have a DNW port or a PSUB port. In some embodiments, the bulktransistors are bulk NMOS transistors. In some embodiments, the bulktransistors are bulk PMOS transistors. Bulk transistors are furtherdescribed with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7.

In some embodiments, the common line CL of the memory circuit 100includes a number of routes Rt1, Rt2, . . . RtN. The routes Rt1, Rt2, .. . RtN have parasitic routing resistances PRR1, PRR2, . . . , PRRN,respectively. For example, the route Rt1 has the parasitic routingresistance PRR1, the route Rt2 has the parasitic routing resistancePRR2, and the route RtN has the parasitic routing resistance PRRN.Although modeled as a lumped element, the parasitic routing resistanceis distributed along the respective route. Each parasitic routingresistance can be any value including, but not limited to, valuesbetween 1 ohm and 1 kilo-ohm.

In some embodiments, a total routing resistance from the memory cell MC1to an I/O port IOP1 is PRR1, a total routing resistance from the memorycell MC2 to the I/O port IOP1 is PRR1+PRR2, and a total routingresistance from the memory cell MCN to the I/O port IOP1 isPRR1+PRR2+PRRN. In some embodiments, the total routing resistance fromMCN to IOP1 is greater than the total routing resistance from MC1 toIOP1 and the total routing resistance from MC2 to IOP2. Advantageously,in some embodiments, the greater total routing resistance may save areaby sufficiently suppressing leakage current from the transistor MN ofthe memory cell MCN such that a bulk transistor (which is smaller insize than a DNW transistor) can be used. In some embodiments, the lessertotal routing resistance may not sufficiently suppress leakage currentfrom the transistors M1 and M2 of the memory cells MC1 and MC2,respectively, such that a DNW transistor can be used.

FIG. 2A illustrates a circuit diagram of a memory circuit 200, inaccordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In someembodiments, the memory circuit 200 is similar to the memory circuit 100except that the memory circuit 200 includes a programming circuit 202and a sensing circuit 204 coupled to the memory circuit 100.

In some embodiments, the programming circuit 202 includes a write accesstransistor M11. The write access transistor M11 provides a programmingvoltage (e.g., a third reference voltage) having a third referencevoltage level (e.g., VDDQ) to a selected one of the memory cellsMC1-MCN. The third reference voltage level can include any voltage levelincluding 1.8 V, a voltage level in a range from 1.5 V to 2 V, etc. Insome embodiments, a ratio of the third reference voltage level to thesecond reference voltage level can include any ratio such as a ratio ina range of 2 to 4.

In some embodiments, the write access transistor M11 includes a gateport G11, a drain port D11, and a source port S11. In some embodiments,the gate port G11 is coupled to a write bit line WBL for receiving awrite line voltage. In some embodiments, the write access transistor M11is a p-type MOS (PMOS) transistor. In other embodiments, the writeaccess transistor M11 is an NMOS transistor. In some embodiments, inresponse to the gate port G11 receiving a write line voltage of a firstwrite voltage level (e.g., 0 V), the drain port D11 is coupled to thesource port S11. In some embodiments, in response to the gate port G11receiving a write line voltage of a second write voltage level (e.g.,VDDQ), the drain port D11 is decoupled from the source port S11. In someembodiments, the source port S11 is coupled to the programming voltage.

In some embodiments, the programming circuit 202 includes a write accesscascode transistor M12. In some embodiments, the write access cascodetransistor M12 protects the write access transistor M11 from breakdownby absorbing some of a voltage drop across the programming circuit 202.In some embodiments, the cascode write access cascode transistor M12includes a gate port G12, a drain port D12, and a source port S12. Insome embodiments, the gate port G12 is coupled to a cascode write bitline CWBL for receiving a cascode write line voltage. In someembodiments, the cascode write access transistor M12 is a PMOStransistor. In other embodiments, the cascode write access transistorM12 is an NMOS transistor.

In some embodiments, in response to the gate port G12 receiving acascode write line voltage of a first cascode write voltage level (e.g.,0 V), the drain port D12 is coupled to the source port S12. In someembodiments, in response to the gate port G12 receiving a cascode writeline voltage of a second cascode write voltage level (e.g., VDDQ), thedrain port D12 is decoupled from the source port S12. In someembodiments, the source port S12 is coupled to the drain port D11 of thewrite access transistor M11. In some embodiments, the drain port D12 iscoupled to the common line CL of the memory circuit 100.

In some embodiments, the sensing circuit 204 includes a read accesstransistor M21. The read access transistor M21 receives a sensing signal(e.g., voltage, current) from a selected one of the memory cellsMC1-MCN. In some embodiments, the read access transistor M21 includes agate port G21, a drain port D21, and a source port S21. In someembodiments, the gate port G21 is coupled to a read bit line RBL forreceiving a read line voltage. In some embodiments, the read accesstransistor M21 is an NMOS transistor. In other embodiments, the readaccess transistor M21 is a PMOS transistor. In some embodiments, inresponse to the gate port G21 receiving a read line voltage of a firstread voltage level (e.g., VDD), the drain port D21 is coupled to thesource port S21 and the sensing circuit 204 senses a sensing currentprovided by the selected memory cell. In some embodiments, in responseto the gate port G21 receiving a read line voltage of a second readvoltage level (e.g., 0 V), the drain port D21 is decoupled from thesource port S21. In some embodiments, the source port S21 is coupled tothe I/O port IOP1 of the common line CL of the memory circuit 100.

In some embodiments, the sensing circuit 204 includes a sensing circuitcore 206. In some embodiments, the sensing circuit core 206 senses thesensing current provided by the selected memory cell via the read accesstransistor M21. The sensing circuit core 206 includes a number of portsincluding a sensing input port SIP, a sensing output port SOP, and a VDDinput port VIP. In some embodiments, the sensing circuit core 206receives the sensing current at the sensing input port SIP. In someembodiments, the sensing circuit core 206 receives the second referencevoltage at the VDD input port VIP. In some embodiments, the sensingcircuit core 206 provides a sensing output voltage Sout through thesensing output port SOP. In some embodiments, in response to sensing aselected cell that has not been programmed, the sensing circuit core 206provides a sensing output voltage Sout having a first sensing voltagelevel (e.g., 0 V). In some embodiments, in response to sensing aselected cell that has been programmed, the sensing circuit core 206provides a sensing output voltage Sout having a second sensing voltagelevel (e.g., VDD). The sensing circuit core 206 is further describedwith respect to FIG. 5.

FIG. 2B illustrates a circuit diagram of the memory circuit 200 duringwrite (e.g., program) operation, in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2B, MC1 is the selected memorycell for the write operation. During a write to MC1, the gate port G11receives a word line voltage having a voltage level “Write_On,” whichcan include any voltage level including 1.8 V, a voltage level in arange from 1.5 V to 2 V, etc. As a result of receiving the word linevoltage at the gate port G11, the source port S11 of the transistor M1is coupled to the drain port S11 of the transistor M1 and the transistorM1 is turned on.

During write operation, a bulk port of each of the DNW transistors isbiased with a bulk bias voltage. For example, the bulk port BP1 of theDNW transistor M1 receives a first bulk bias voltage having a voltagelevel “Bias1,” which can be 0 V, 0.1 V, 0.3 V, or any positive, non-zerovoltage level. In some embodiments, the bulk port BP2 of the DNWtransistor M2 receives a second bulk bias voltage having a voltage level“Bias2,” which can be 0 V, 0.1 V, 0.3 V, or any positive, non-zerovoltage level. During write operation, a bulk port of each of the bulktransistors is biased with 0 V. For example, the bulk port BPN of thebulk transistor MN receives 0 V.

In some embodiments, during write operation, the sensing circuit 204(e.g., the sensing circuit core 206) is disabled or otherwise decoupledfrom the memory cell MC1. In some embodiments, the gate port G21 of theread access transistor M21 receives 0 V and the source port S21 of thetransistor M21 is decoupled from the drain port D21 of the transistorM21. In some embodiments, during write operation, the memory cell MC1 isnot coupled to the sensing circuit core 206 such that the memory cellMC1 does not provide a sensing current to the sensing circuit core 206.

In some embodiments, during write operation, the programming circuit 202is enabled. In some embodiments, the gate port G11 of the write accesstransistor M11 receives 0 V and the source port S11 of the transistorM11 is coupled to the drain port D11 of the transistor M11. In someembodiments, the gate port G12 of the cascode write access transistorM12 receives 0 V and the source port S12 of the transistor M12 iscoupled to the drain port D12 of the transistor M12. In someembodiments, during write operation, the common line CL of the memorycircuit 100 is coupled to the source S11 to receive the third referencevoltage having a voltage level of VDDQ.

A difference in voltage from the common line CL and the ground GNDcauses a current to flow from the common line CL, through the resistorR1 of the memory cell MC1, through the turned-on transistor M1 of thememory cell MC1, and to the ground GND. In some embodiments, the currentcauses the resistor R1 to change from a low-resistance state to ahigh-resistance state.

FIG. 2C illustrates a circuit diagram of the memory circuit 200 duringread (e.g., sense) operation, in accordance with some embodiments of thepresent disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2C, MC1 is the selected memory cellfor the read operation. During a read from MC1, the gate port G11receives a word line voltage having a voltage level “Read_On,” which caninclude any voltage level including 0.75 V, a voltage level in a rangefrom 0.6 V to 1 V, etc. As a result of receiving the word line voltage,the source port S11 of the transistor M1 is coupled to the drain portS11 of the transistor M1 and the transistor M1 is turned on.

During read operation, a bulk port of each of the DNW transistors isbiased with a bulk bias voltage. For example, the bulk port BP1 of theDNW transistor M1 receives a first bulk bias voltage having a voltagelevel “Bias3,” which can be 0 V, 0.1 V, 0.3 V, or any positive, non-zerovoltage level. In some embodiments, the voltage level “Bias3” duringread operation is greater than the voltage level “Bias1” during writeoperation. Advantageously, having a first bulk bias voltage with ahigher voltage during read operation reduces bulk leakage to the sensingcircuit 204 via drain port DP1 level by reducing a voltage differencebetween the bulk port BP1 and the drain port DP1. Thus, the sensingcircuit 204 can provide a more accurate sensing output voltage if thesensing circuit 204 receives less leakage. In some embodiments, the bulkport BP2 of the DNW transistor M2 receives a second bulk bias voltagehaving a voltage level “Bias4,” which can be 0.1 V, 0.3 V, or anypositive, non-zero voltage level. In some embodiments, the voltage level“Bias4” during read operation is greater than the voltage level “Bias2”during write operation. During read operation, a bulk port of each ofthe bulk transistors is biased with 0 V. For example, the bulk port BPNof the bulk transistor MN receives 0 V.

In some embodiments, during read operation, the programming circuit 202is disabled or otherwise decoupled from the memory cell MC1. In someembodiments, the gate port G11 of the write access transistor M11receives a write line voltage having a voltage level “Write_Off” and thesource port S11 of the transistor M11 is decoupled from the drain portD11 of the transistor M11. In some embodiments, the gate port G12 of thecascode write access transistor M12 receives a write line voltage havingthe voltage level “Write_Off” and the source port S12 of the transistorM12 is decoupled from the drain port D12 of the transistor M12. In someembodiments, the voltage level “Write_Off” is any voltage levelincluding 1.8 V, a voltage level in a range from 1.5 V to 2 V. In someembodiments, the voltage level “Write_Off” is equal to VDDQ. In someembodiments, during read operation, the common line CL of the memorycircuit 100 is decoupled from the source S11 such that the common lineCL does not receive the third reference voltage having a voltage levelof VDDQ.

In some embodiments, during read operation, the sensing circuit 204 isenabled. In some embodiments, the gate port G21 of the read accesstransistor M21 receives a read line voltage having the voltage level“Read_On” and the source port S21 of the transistor M21 is coupled tothe drain port D21 of the transistor M21. In some embodiments, duringread operation, the memory cell MC1 is coupled to the sensing circuitcore 206 such that the memory cell MC1 provides a sensing current to thesensing circuit core 206.

A difference in voltage from the VDD input port VIP of the sensingcircuit core 206 and the ground GND causes a sensing current to flowfrom the sensing circuit core 206, through the resistor R1 of the memorycell MC1, through the turned-on transistor M1 of the memory cell MC1,and to the ground GND. In some embodiments, the sensing circuit core 206provides a sensing output voltage based on the sensing current receivedfrom the memory cell MC1.

FIG. 3 illustrates a timing diagram 300 for write and read operations ofthe memory circuit 200 of FIG. 2. From time t1 to time t2, the memorycell MC1 is being written to. In some embodiments, a time period fromthe time t1 to the time t2 is referred to as a first time period. Insome embodiments, at time t1, the (PMOS) write access transistor M11receives 0 V from the write bit line WBL, enabling the write accesstransistor M11. In some embodiments, at time t1, the (NMOS) read accesstransistor M21 receives 0 V from the read bit line RBL, disabling theread access transistor M21. In some embodiments, at time t1, the bulkport BP1 receives the bulk bias voltage having the voltage level“Bias1.” In some embodiments, at time t1, the memory cell MC1 receivesthe word line voltage having the voltage level “Read_On,” enabling thememory cell MC1.

In some embodiments, at time t2, the write access transistor M11receives “Write_Off” from the write bit line WBL, disabling the writeaccess transistor M11. In some embodiments, at time t2, the read accesstransistor M21 receives 0V and remains disabled. In some embodiments, attime t2, the bulk port BP1 receives 0 V. In some embodiments, at timet2, the memory cell MC1 receives 0 V, disabling the memory cell MC1.

From time t3 to time t4, the memory cell MC1 is being read from. In someembodiments, a time period from the time t3 to the time t4 is referredto as a second time period. In some embodiments, at time t3, the writeaccess transistor M11 receives a write line voltage having the voltagelevel “Write_Off” from the write bit line WBL and remains disabled. Insome embodiments, at time t3, the read access transistor M21 receives aread line voltage having the voltage level “Read_On” from the read bitline RBL, enabling the read access transistor M21. In some embodiments,at time t3, the bulk port BP1 receives the bulk bias voltage having thevoltage level “Bias3.” In some embodiments, the voltage level “Bias3” isgreater than the voltage level “Bias1”. In some embodiments, the voltagelevel “Bias3” is a non-zero voltage and the voltage level “Bias1” is 0V. In some embodiments, at time t3, the memory cell MC1 receives theword line voltage having the voltage level “Read_On,” enabling thememory cell MC1.

In some embodiments, at time t4, the write access transistor M11receives “Write_Off” from the write bit line WBL and remains disabled.In some embodiments, at time t4, the read access transistor M21 receives0 V, disabling the read access transistor M21. In some embodiments, attime t4, the bulk port BP1 receives 0 V. In some embodiments, at timet4, the memory cell MC1 receives 0 V, disabling the memory cell MC1.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart of a method 400 to operate the memorycircuit 200, in accordance with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. It is noted that the method 400 is merely an example and isnot intended to limit the present disclosure. Accordingly, it isunderstood that additional operations may be provided before, during,and after the method 400 of FIG. 4, and that some other operations mayonly be briefly described herein. In some embodiments, the method 400 isperformed by the memory circuit 200.

The method 400 starts with operation 410 of receiving, during a firsttime period (e.g., from time t1 to time t2 in FIG. 3), through a wordline (e.g., the word line WL1 of FIG. 1) coupled to a memory cell (e.g.,the memory cell MC1 of FIG. 1), a program voltage (e.g., “Write_On” inFIG. 2B). The method 400 continues to operation 420 of receiving, duringthe first time period, at a bulk port (e.g., the bulk port BP1 ofFIG. 1) of the memory cell, a first bulk bias voltage (e.g., “Bias1” ofFIG. 2B). In some embodiments, during the first time period, the methodincludes receiving, at a second bulk port (e.g., the bulk port BP2 ofFIG. 1) of a second memory cell (e.g., the memory cell MC2 of FIG. 1 orthe memory cell MCN of FIG. 1), the first bulk bias voltage. In someembodiments, during the first time period, the method includesreceiving, in a sensing circuit (e.g., the sensing circuit 204 of FIG.2A) coupled to the memory cell, a read disable voltage (e.g., 0 V) andreceiving, in a programming circuit (e.g., the programming circuit 202of FIG. 2A) coupled to the memory cell, a program enable voltage (e.g.,0 V). In some embodiments, the order of operations 410 and 420 may bereversed or the operations 410 and 420 may happen in parallel.

The method 400 continues to operation 430 of receiving, during a secondtime period (e.g., from time t3 to time t4 in FIG. 3), through the wordline, a read voltage (e.g., “Read_on” in FIG. 2C). The method 400continues to operation 440 of receiving, during the second time period,at the bulk port, a second bulk bias voltage (e.g., “Bias3” of FIG. 2C).In some embodiments, a first voltage level of the first bulk biasvoltage is less than a second voltage level of the second bulk biasvoltage. In some embodiments, the second voltage level is a positive,non-zero voltage and the first voltage is 0 V. In some embodiments, eachof the first voltage level and the second voltage level is a positive,non-zero voltage. In some embodiments, the order of operations 430 and440 may be reversed or the operations 430 and 440 may happen inparallel.

In some embodiments, during the second time period, the method includesreceiving, at the second bulk port of the second memory cell, the secondbulk bias voltage. In other embodiments, during the second time period,the method includes receiving, at the second bulk port of the secondmemory cell, the first bulk bias voltage. In some embodiments, duringthe second time period, the method includes receiving, in the sensingcircuit, a read enable voltage (e.g., “Read_On” of FIG. 2C) andreceiving, in the programming circuit, a program disable voltage (e.g.,“Write_Off” of FIG. 2C).

FIG. 5 illustrates a circuit diagram of a memory circuit 500 includingan implementation of the sensing circuit core 206, in accordance withsome embodiments of the present disclosure. The sensing circuit core 206receives a sensing current from the selected memory cell and provides asensing output voltage Sout. In some embodiments, the sensing circuitcore 206 includes current mirrors CM1 and CM2. The current mirrors CM1and CM2 can increase the sensing current to generate a second sensingcurrent that flows through a load resistance.

The current mirror CM1 includes a diode-connected transistor M22 that iscoupled to the read access transistor M21 and a transistor M23 that iscoupled to the diode-connected transistor M22. In some embodiments, thediode-connected transistor M22 includes a drain port D22 coupled to thedrain port D21 of the read access transistor M21 and a gate port G22that is coupled to the drain port D22. In some embodiments, thetransistor M23 includes a drain port D23 and a gate port G23 coupled tothe gate port G22 of the transistor M22. In some embodiments, thediode-connected transistor M22 and the transistor M23 are PMOStransistors.

The current mirror CM2 includes a diode-connected transistor M24 that iscoupled to the transistor M23 and a transistor M25 that is coupled tothe diode-connected transistor M24. In some embodiments, thediode-connected transistor M24 includes a drain port D24 coupled to thedrain port D23 of the transistor M21 and a gate port G24 that is coupledto the drain port D24. In some embodiments, the transistor M25 includesa drain port D25 and a gate port G25 coupled to the gate port G24 of thetransistor M24. In some embodiments, the diode-connected transistor M24and the transistor M25 are NMOS transistors. In some embodiments, thetransistor M25 provides a second current. In some embodiments, a ratioof the second current and the current received by the sensing circuitcore 206 is any ratio such as a ratio in a range of 4 to 100.

In some embodiments, the sensing circuit core 206 includes a loadresistance RL to receive the second sensing current and to provide asensing input voltage to a sensing amplifier. In some embodiments, thesensing circuit core 206 includes sensing amplifiers SA1 and SA2.

In some embodiments, in response to receiving a sensing input voltagehaving a voltage level greater than a predetermined sensing threshold(e.g., VDD/2), the sensing amplifier SA1 provides an internal sensingvoltage having a voltage level of the first reference voltage level(e.g., 0 V) to the sensing amplifier SA2. In some embodiments, inresponse to receiving a sensing input voltage having a voltage levelless than the predetermined sensing threshold, the sensing amplifier SA1provides an internal sensing voltage having a voltage level of thesecond reference voltage level (e.g., VDD) to the sensing amplifier SA2.

In some embodiments, in response to receiving an internal sensingvoltage having a voltage level greater than the predetermined sensingthreshold, the sensing amplifier SA2 provides a sensing output voltagehaving a voltage level of the first reference voltage level (e.g., 0 V).In some embodiments, in response to receiving an internal sensingvoltage having a voltage level less than the predetermined sensingthreshold, the sensing amplifier SA2 provides a sensing output voltagehaving a voltage level of the second reference voltage level (e.g.,VDD).

FIG. 6 illustrates a memory device 600, in accordance with someembodiments of the present disclosure. The memory device 600 can be animplementation of a DNW transistor (e.g., the transistor M1 of thememory circuit 100 of FIG. 1) and a bulk transistor (e.g., thetransistor MN of the memory circuit 100 of FIG. 1). The memory device600 includes a PSUB 602. The PSUB 602 includes a first portion 604, asecond portion 606 disposed over the first portion 604, and a thirdportion 608 disposed over the first portion 604.

The memory device 600 includes a bulk transistor device 610 disposedover the second portion 606 of the PSUB 602. The bulk transistor device610 includes a drain electrode 612, a source electrode 614, a gateelectrode 616, and a bulk electrode 618. In some embodiments, the bulktransistor device 610 is an implementation of the bulk transistor MCN ofFIG. 1, wherein the drain electrode 612 is the drain port DPN, thesource electrode 614 is the source port SPN, the gate electrode 616 isthe gate port GPN, and the bulk electrode 618 is the bulk port BPN.

In some embodiments, the memory device 600 includes a DNW 620 disposedover the first portion 604 of the PSUB 602. In some embodiments, thememory device 600 includes a pair of n-wells 622 and 624 disposed overthe DNW 620. In some embodiments, the memory device 600 includes ap-well 626 disposed over the DNW 620 and in between the pair of n-wells622 and 624.

The memory device 600 includes a DNW transistor device 628 disposed overthe first portion 604 of the PSUB 602. The DNW transistor device 628includes a drain electrode 630, a source electrode 632, a gate electrode634, and a bulk electrode 636, a pair of DNW electrodes 638 and 640 anda PSUB electrode 642. In some embodiments, the drain electrode 630, thesource electrode 632, the gate electrode 634, and the bulk electrode 636are disposed over the p-well 626. In some embodiments, the DNW electrode638 is disposed over the n-well 622, the DNW electrode 640 is disposedover the n-well 624, and the PSUB electrode 642 is disposed over thethird portion 608 of the PSUB 602. In some embodiments, the DNWtransistor device 628 is an implementation of the DNW transistor MC1 ofthe FIG. 1, wherein the drain electrode 630 is the drain port DP1, thesource electrode 632 is the source port SP1, the gate electrode 634 isthe gate port GP1, the bulk electrode 636 is the bulk port BP1, the pairof DNW electrodes 638 and 640 are the DNW port DNW1, and the PSUBelectrode 642 is the PSUB port SUB1.

In some embodiments, the memory device 600 includes a distance 644 inbetween the bulk transistor device 610 and the DNW transistor device628. In some embodiments, the distance 644 ensures proper fabrication ofthe memory device 600. In some embodiments, a clearance 646 determines aminimum distance from a DNW transistor device such as the DNW transistordevice 628. In some embodiments, a bulk transistor device such as thebulk transistor device 610 has a smaller corresponding clearance or nocorresponding clearance. Advantageously, by disposing a bulk transistordevice (e.g., the bulk transistor device 610) next to a DNW transistordevice (e.g., the DNW transistor device 628), the distance 644 isreduced compared to if another DNW transistor device is disposed next tothe DNW transistor device.

FIG. 7 illustrates a memory device 700, in accordance with someembodiments of the present disclosure. The memory device 700 is similarto the memory device 600 except that the memory device 700 includes moretransistor devices than the memory device 600. In some embodiments, thememory device 700 includes another memory device 702 disposed next tothe memory device 600. The memory device 702 includes a bulk transistordevice 704 and a DNW transistor device 706.

In some embodiments, the transistors of the memory device 700 areinterleaved such that each bulk transistor device is disposed between apair of DNW transistor devices (or at one end of the memory device 700)and each DNW transistor device is disposed between a pair of bulktransistor devices (or at another end of the memory device 700). Forexample, the bulk transistor device 610 is disposed next to the DNWtransistor device 628, the DNW transistor device 706 is disposed next tothe bulk transistor device 610, and the bulk transistor device 704 isdisposed next to the DNW transistor device 706.

Advantageously, such an interleaved arrangement maximizes the number ofDNW transistor devices while minimizing the area of the memory device700 by reducing a distance between each adjacent pair of devices. Forexample, a distance 644 between the transistors 610 and 628 is reduced,a distance 708 between the transistors 610 and 706 is reduced, and adistance 710 between the transistors 706 and 704 is reduced, as comparedto having all DNW transistor devices.

In some aspects of the present disclosure, a memory circuit isdisclosed. In some aspects, the memory circuit includes a first memorycell including a first resistor; and a first transistor coupled to thefirst resistor, wherein a first bulk port of the first transistor isbiased at a first voltage level; a second memory cell coupled to thefirst memory cell, the second memory cell including a second resistor;and a second transistor coupled to the second memory cell, wherein asecond bulk port of the second transistor is biased at a second voltagelevel, wherein the second voltage level is less than the first voltagelevel.

In some aspects, the first transistor is a deep n-well (DNW) transistorand the second transistor is a bulk transistor. In some aspects, each ofthe first transistor and the second transistor is a deep n-well (DNW)transistor. In some aspects, the first resistor is coupled to firstrouting having a first resistance and the second resistor is coupled tosecond routing having a second resistance greater than the firstresistance.

In some aspects, the first voltage level is a positive, non-zero voltageand the second voltage is zero volts. In some aspects, each of the firstvoltage level and the second voltage is a positive, non-zero voltage. Insome aspects, the first memory cell is a first electronic fuse (eFuse)and the second memory cell is a second eFuse. In some aspects, the firsteFuse is not programmed and the second eFuse is programmed.

In some aspects, the memory circuit further includes a sensing circuitcoupled to the first eFuse, wherein, in response to the sensing circuitsensing the first eFuse, the first eFuse provides a signal having avoltage level of zero volts.

In some aspects, the memory circuit further includes a sensing circuitcoupled to the second eFuse, wherein, in response to the sensing circuitsensing the second eFuse, the second eFuse provides a signal having avoltage level of VDD.

In some aspects, the memory circuit further includes a read accesstransistor coupled to each of the first memory cell and the secondmemory cell, wherein, in response to the read access transistorreceiving a read bit line voltage, a sensing circuit coupled to the readaccess transistor senses at least one of the first memory cell or thesecond memory cell.

In some aspects, the memory circuit further includes a write accesstransistor coupled to each of the first memory cell and the secondmemory cell, wherein, in response to the write access transistorreceiving a write bit line voltage, a voltage source coupled to thewrite access transistor programs at least one of the first memory cellor the second memory cell.

In some aspects of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. Insome aspects, the method includes during a first time period, receiving,through a word line coupled to a memory cell, a program voltage; andreceiving, at a bulk port of the memory cell, a first bulk voltage; andduring a second time period, receiving, through the word line, a readvoltage; and receiving, at the bulk port, a second bulk voltage, whereina first voltage level of the first bulk voltage is less than a secondvoltage level of the second bulk voltage.

In some aspects, the method further includes during the first timeperiod receiving, in a sensing circuit coupled to the memory cell, aread disable voltage; and receiving, in a programming circuit coupled tothe memory cell, a program enable voltage; and the medium furtherincludes during the second time period receiving, in the sensingcircuit, a read enable voltage; and receiving, in the programmingcircuit, a program disable voltage.

In some aspects, the method further includes during the first timeperiod, receiving, at a second bulk port of a second memory cell, thefirst bulk voltage; and the medium further includes during the secondtime period, receiving, at the second bulk port, the second bulkvoltage.

In some aspects, the method further includes during the first timeperiod, receiving, at a second bulk port of a second memory cell, thefirst bulk voltage; and the medium further includes during the secondtime period, receiving, at the second bulk port, the first bulk voltage.

In some aspects, the second voltage level is a positive, non-zerovoltage and the first voltage is zero volts. In some aspects, each ofthe first voltage level and the second voltage is a positive, non-zerovoltage.

In some aspects of the present disclosure, a memory device is disclosed.In some aspects, the memory device includes a substrate including afirst portion and a second portion disposed over the first portion; afirst bulk electrode of a first word line (WL) transistor disposed overthe second portion of the substrate; a deep n-well disposed over thefirst portion of the substrate; a pair of n-wells disposed over the deepn-well; a p-well disposed over the deep n-well and in between the pairof n-wells; and a second bulk electrode of a second word line (WL)transistor disposed over the p-well.

In some aspects, the substrate includes a third portion disposed overthe first portion of the substrate and opposite the p-well from thesecond portion of the substrate, the method further comprising a thirdbulk electrode of the second WL transistor disposed over the thirdportion of the substrate.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that thoseskilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the presentdisclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they mayreadily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifyingother processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/orachieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein.Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalentconstructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, andalterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure.

1. A memory circuit comprising: a first memory cell including: a firstresistor; and a first transistor coupled to the first resistor, whereina first bulk port of the first transistor is biased at a first voltagelevel; and a second memory cell coupled to the first memory cell, thesecond memory cell including: a second resistor; and a second transistorcoupled to the second memory cell, wherein a second bulk port of thesecond transistor is biased at a second voltage level, wherein thesecond voltage level is less than the first voltage level.
 2. The memorycircuit of claim 1, wherein the first transistor is a deep n-well (DNW)transistor and the second transistor is a bulk transistor.
 3. The memorycircuit of claim 1, wherein each of the first transistor and the secondtransistor is a deep n-well (DNW) transistor.
 4. The memory circuit ofclaim 1, wherein the first resistor is coupled to first routing having afirst resistance and the second resistor is coupled to second routinghaving a second resistance greater than the first resistance.
 5. Thememory circuit of claim 1, wherein the first voltage level is apositive, non-zero voltage and the second voltage is zero volts.
 6. Thememory circuit of claim 1, wherein each of the first voltage level andthe second voltage level is a positive, non-zero voltage.
 7. The memorycircuit of claim 1, wherein the first memory cell is a first electronicfuse (eFuse) and the second memory cell is a second eFuse.
 8. The memorycircuit of claim 7, wherein the first eFuse is not programmed and thesecond eFuse is programmed.
 9. The memory circuit of claim 7, furthercomprising a sensing circuit coupled to the first eFuse, wherein, inresponse to the sensing circuit sensing the first eFuse, the first eFuseprovides a signal having a voltage level of zero volts.
 10. The memorycircuit of claim 7, further comprising a sensing circuit coupled to thesecond eFuse, wherein, in response to the sensing circuit sensing thesecond eFuse, the second eFuse provides a signal having a voltage levelof VDD.
 11. The memory circuit of claim 1, further comprising a readaccess transistor coupled to each of the first memory cell and thesecond memory cell, wherein, in response to the read access transistorreceiving a read bit line voltage, a sensing circuit coupled to the readaccess transistor senses at least one of the first memory cell or thesecond memory cell.
 12. The memory circuit of claim 1, furthercomprising a write access transistor coupled to each of the first memorycell and the second memory cell, wherein, in response to the writeaccess transistor receiving a write bit line voltage, a voltage sourcecoupled to the write access transistor programs at least one of thefirst memory cell or the second memory cell.
 13. A method comprising:during a first time period: receiving, through a word line coupled to amemory cell, a program voltage; and receiving, at a bulk port of thememory cell, a first bulk voltage; and during a second time period:receiving, through the word line, a read voltage; and receiving, at thebulk port, a second bulk voltage, wherein a first voltage level of thefirst bulk voltage is less than a second voltage level of the secondbulk voltage.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: during thefirst time period: receiving, in a sensing circuit coupled to the memorycell, a read disable voltage; and receiving, in a programming circuitcoupled to the memory cell, a program enable voltage; and during thesecond time period: receiving, in the sensing circuit, a read enablevoltage; and receiving, in the programming circuit, a program disablevoltage.
 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: during thefirst time period, receiving, at a second bulk port of a second memorycell, the first bulk voltage; and during the second time period,receiving, at the second bulk port, the second bulk voltage.
 16. Themethod of claim 13, further comprising: during the first time period,receiving, at a second bulk port of a second memory cell, the first bulkvoltage; and during the second time period, receiving, at the secondbulk port, the first bulk voltage.
 17. The memory circuit of claim 1,wherein the second voltage level is a positive, non-zero voltage and thefirst voltage is zero volts.
 18. The memory circuit of claim 1, whereineach of the first voltage level and the second voltage level is apositive, non-zero voltage.
 19. A memory device comprising: a substrateincluding a first portion and a second portion disposed over the firstportion; a first bulk electrode of a first word line (WL) transistordisposed over the second portion of the substrate; a deep n-welldisposed over the first portion of the substrate; a pair of n-wellsdisposed over the deep n-well; a p-well disposed over the deep n-welland in between the pair of n-wells; and a second bulk electrode of asecond word line (WL) transistor disposed over the p-well.
 20. Thememory device of claim 19, wherein the substrate includes a thirdportion disposed over the first portion of the substrate and oppositethe p-well from the second portion of the substrate, the memory devicefurther comprising a third bulk electrode of the second WL transistordisposed over the third portion of the substrate.